Category Archives: Technology

what is computer engineering

Computer engineering is a discipline that integrates principles and practices from both electrical engineering and computer science to design and develop computer systems and networks. Professionals in this field, known as computer engineers, work on a variety of technologies, ranging from hardware components like processors and memory to software applications and networking systems.

Here are some key aspects of computer engineering:

  1. Hardware Design: Computer engineers design and develop the physical components of computers, such as central processing units (CPUs), memory modules, and input/output devices. They may also work on designing custom integrated circuits and other hardware components.
  2. Software Development: Computer engineers are involved in software development, ranging from low-level programming for embedded systems to high-level software applications. They write code, develop algorithms, and work on optimizing software performance.

Top AMD Shareholders

Cpu

  1. Computer Networks: Computer engineers design and implement networks that enable communication between computers. This includes local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the internet. They work on protocols, data transmission, and network security.
  2. Embedded Systems: Embedded systems are computer systems integrated into other devices or products. Computer engineers design and program these embedded systems, which can be found in appliances, medical devices, automotive systems, and more.
  3. Digital Systems: This area involves the design and analysis of digital circuits and systems. Computer engineers work on digital signal processing, digital communication, and the overall architecture of digital systems.

Computer Architecture

  1. Computer architects focus on the organization and structure of computer systems. This includes designing the architecture of processors, memory systems, and the interaction between hardware and software to ensure efficient and effective computing.

Computer engineers play a crucial role in various industries, including telecommunications, healthcare, automotive, aerospace, and consumer electronics. They contribute to advancements in technology and are often involved in solving complex problems related to hardware-software interactions and system integration. The field of computer engineering continues to evolve with the rapid pace of technological innovation.

5 Things to Know Before Markets Open

Markets Mixed at Midday as Booming

Digital Security Company: What is it? What is it for?

What You Need To Know Ahead of Apple’s Earnings on Thursday

  • Apple is expected to report its first quarterly revenue increase in a year and its best earnings per share in two years on Thursday.
  • Sales of Apple’s iPhone 15, launched in September, could help to fuel earnings growth for the company.
  • The company could face an antitrust suit in coming months based on allegations of anticompetitive practices involving the iPhone.

What You Need To Know Ahead of Apple’s Earnings on Thursday

As tech titan Apple Inc. (AAPL) heads into its first-quarter fiscal 2024 earnings after market close on Thursday, the company could be poised for its first year-over-year (YOY) quarterly revenue gain in a year and its best earnings per share (EPS) in two years on the strength of rising iPhone revenue and services sales.123

Analysts anticipate Apple will report net income of $32.56 billion, its highest since the first quarter of fiscal 2022, and an 11% YOY jump in EPS to $2.09 this quarter. Revenue is expected to climb by less than 1%, in the first gain since the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022.1

Key Metric: iPhone Sales

The iPhone has long been one of Apple’s key drivers of revenue. Sales of iPhones far outpace those of iPads, Apple Watches, and even the company’s line of Mac products. After the launch of the latest iteration, the iPhone 15 series, in September, investors will watch closely for the impact of this new line on Apple’s iPhone sales for the first quarter of the fiscal year.1

iPhone sales are expected to reach $68.4 billion, the second-highest quarterly level in the company’s history. This would be an improvement of about 4% YOY, driven by early sales of iPhone 15 products. However, some analysts have warned that iPhone sales may not be able to keep up this momentum through 2024, based on a Bloomberg customer survey indicating a preference for holding on to phones longer without upgrading to the latest models.12

Bloomberg. “Apple iPhone 15 Unit Sales Likely To Stagnate in US.”

What You Need To Know Ahead of Apple’s Earnings on Thursday

Business Spotlight

It has been a mixed start to 2024 for Apple, one of the world’s largest companies by market value. Apple’s new spatial computing hardware, Apple Vision Pro, launches on Feb. 2, placing the company in an entirely new product category.4

However, the company also kicked off the year facing a number of legal challenges, including a ban on U.S. sales of certain Apple Watches using blood oxygen sensors while the company works to appeal a patent infringement case. The U.S. Justice Department could also be moving closer to launching a major antitrust case against Apple over alleged anticompetitive practices with the iPhone.5

While Apple shares have fallen in the past week, they were still up about 28% over the last year through the close of trading Wednesday.

Top AMD Shareholders

Advanced Micro Devices Inc. (AMD) is a global semiconductor company. It sells microprocessors, chipsets, graphics processing units (GPUs), development services, server and embedded processors, and technology for game consoles.

The top shareholders of AMD are Dr. Lisa T. Su, Harry A. Wolin, Mark D. Papermaster, Mubadala Development Co. PJSC, Vanguard Group Inc., and BlackRock Inc. (BLK).

AMD’s 12-month trailing net income and net revenue is $854 million and $22.7 billion, respectively. The company’s market cap is about $275 billion. This financial data is from AMD’s annual report covering it’s 2023 fiscal year (released at the end of January 2024). AMD. “Form 10-K.

  • AMD is a global semiconductor that sells a diverse range of technological products.
  • The top individual shareholders of AMD are Dr. Lisa T. Su, Harry A. Wolin, and Mark D. Papermaster. Each has an employment history with AMD.
  • Some of the top institutional owners include Mubadala Development Co. PJSC, Vanguard Group Inc., and BlackRock Inc.
  • Institutional ownership as of January 2024 was around 67%.

Top 3 Individual Insider Shareholders

Dr. Lisa T. Su

As of December 5, 2023, Dr. Lisa Su owns a total of 3,347,640 AMD shares, representing 0.22% of the company’s total shares outstanding.2 Dr. Su is president and chief executive officer (CEO) at AMD, positions she has held since 2014. She also serves on the board of directors.

Prior to her current role, she briefly served as AMD’s chief operating officer (COO) beginning in July 2014. Dr. Su joined AMD in 2012 as senior vice president and general manager of the global business units. Before that, she worked for Freescale Semiconductor Inc. beginning in 2007. She also worked for 13 years in various roles at International Business Machines Corp. (IBM), and worked at Texas Instruments Inc. (TXN) from 1994 to 1995.

Dr. Su has published more than 40 technical articles and was named one of the World’s 50 Best CEOs by Barron’s in 2019.3 She has an estimated net worth of $740 million as of 2023.4 Forbes. “#44 Lisa Su.”

As of September 2023, Harry Wolin owned a total of 1,433,596 million AMD shares, representing 0.13% of the company’s total shares outstanding.5 Wolin was AMD’s senior vice president, general counsel, and corporate secretary. Wolin retired from AMD in 2024.6

Wilin was responsible for the company’s legal matters, corporate strategy, global trade compliance, corporate investigations, and public affairs. Before becoming general counsel in 2003, he served as vice president of intellectual property. Prior to joining AMD in 2000, Wolin worked 12 years at Motorola Inc., where he last served as vice president and director of legal affairs for the semiconductor products sector.7

Mark D. Papermaster

As of November 3, 2023, Mark Papermaster owned a total of 1,554,602 AMD shares, representing 0.12% of the company’s total shares outstanding.8 Papermaster currently is AMD’s chief technology officer (CTO) and executive vice president of technology and engineering.

Papermaster led the company’s redesign of engineering processes and the development of key technologies, including the award-winning, high-performance x86 CPU family. He is also responsible for overseeing information technology that delivers AMD’s compute infrastructure and services. Before joining AMD in 2011, he led the silicon engineering group at Cisco Systems Inc. (CSCO). He also served as vice president of devices hardware engineering at Apple Inc. (AAPL) and held several key leadership positions at IBM.9

Top 3 Institutional Shareholders

Institutional investors hold between 67-69% of AMD’s total shares outstanding. As of January 31, 2024, institutional ownership was 66.94%.10

Vanguard Group Inc.

As of September 30, 2023, Vanguard Group owns 140,054,820 million shares of AMD, representing 8.28% of total shares outstanding.11 The company is primarily a mutual fund and ETF management company with about $8 trillion in global AUM.12 The Vanguard S&P 500 ETF (VOO) is one of the company’s largest ETFs with about $255 billion in AUM. AMD comprises less than 0.4% of VOO’s holdings.13

BlackRock Inc.

As of September 2023, BlackRock owns 121,643,071 shares of AMD, representing 7.21% of total shares outstanding.11The company is primarily a mutual fund and ETF management company with approximately $8.5 trillion in AUM.14 The iShares Core S&P 500 ETF (IVV) is among one of BlackRock’s largest ETFs with approximately $285 billion in AUM. AMD comprises more than 0.3% of IVV’s holdings.15

State Street Corp.

State Street is the third-largest institutional shareholder of AMD, with 64,162,483 shares as of September 30, 2023. This is just over 4% of the company.11 State Street manages mutual funds, ETFs and other investments with $4.1 trillion in AUM.16 The SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY) is among State Street’s largest ETFs with approximately $353 billion in AUM. Microsoft is the largest holding in this ETF, representing 0.41% of SPY’s portfolio.17 ETF.com. “SPY.”

Exploring the Best Online Brokers and Trading Platforms of January

Introduction to Online Brokers and Trading Platforms

In today’s fast-paced world, where technology continues to revolutionize various industries, the financial sector is no exception. Online brokers and trading platforms have emerged as powerful tools for individuals seeking to achieve financial success. These platforms have democratized access to financial markets, allowing anyone with an internet connection to participate in buying and selling securities such as stocks, bonds, and commodities. In this article, we will explore the best online brokers and trading platforms of January 2024, highlighting their features, benefits, and how they can help you achieve your financial goals.

Importance of Choosing the Right Online Broker or Trading Platform

Selecting the right online broker or trading platform is crucial for your financial success. With numerous options available in the market, it’s important to consider your specific needs and goals. Choosing the wrong platform can lead to unnecessary fees, limited investment options, and a frustrating user experience. On the other hand, selecting the right online broker or trading platform can provide you with access to a wide range of investment opportunities, competitive fees, robust trading tools, and a seamless user interface. By making an informed decision, you can optimize your investment strategies and increase your chances of achieving your financial objectives.

Factors to Consider When Selecting an Online Broker or Trading Platform

When evaluating online brokers and trading platforms, there are several factors to consider. First and foremost, you need to assess the platform’s reputation and reliability. Look for well-established platforms with a track record of security and stability. Additionally, consider the range of investment options available. Does the platform offer stocks, bonds, mutual funds, ETFs, or other investment vehicles that align with your financial objectives? It’s also crucial to evaluate the fees and commissions associated with each platform. Compare the costs of executing trades, account maintenance fees, and any other charges that might apply. Finally, consider the platform’s user interface and trading tools. A user-friendly interface and robust tools can greatly enhance your trading experience and help you make informed investment decisions.

Overview of the Best Online Brokers and Trading Platforms of January 2024

Let’s now delve into the top online brokers and trading platforms of January 2024. These platforms have been carefully selected based on their reputation, reliability, range of investment options, fees, user experience, and customer support. By exploring the features and benefits of each platform, you can make an informed decision about which one aligns best with your financial goals.

Platform A: Cutting-Edge Trading Solutions

Platform A stands out for its cutting-edge trading solutions and comprehensive range of investment options. With a user-friendly interface, it provides an intuitive trading experience for both novice and experienced investors. Platform A offers advanced charting tools, real-time market data, and customizable trading strategies. Moreover, it provides access to a wide range of investment products, including stocks, bonds, options, and futures. With competitive fees and excellent customer support, Platform A is an excellent choice for investors looking for a robust and reliable trading platform.

Platform B: Simplifying Investing for Beginners

For those new to investing, Platform B offers a simplified and user-friendly interface that makes it easy to navigate the world of financial markets. It provides educational resources and tutorials to help beginners understand the basics of investing. Platform B also offers a wide range of investment options, including low-cost index funds and ETFs. With its low fees and commission-free trading, Platform B is an ideal choice for novice investors who want to start their investment journey with confidence.

Platform C: Advanced Tools for Experienced Traders

Platform C caters to experienced traders who require advanced trading tools and features. It offers a sophisticated trading platform with customizable dashboards, advanced charting tools, and real-time market analysis. Platform C also provides access to a wide range of investment options, including international markets and alternative investments. Although it may have higher fees, the platform’s advanced features and comprehensive trading capabilities make it a top choice for seasoned investors.

Features and Benefits of Each Top Online Broker or Trading Platform

Now that we have introduced the top online brokers and trading platforms of January 2024, let’s explore the features and benefits of each platform in more detail.

Platform A: Cutting-Edge Trading Solutions

Platform A offers a range of cutting-edge trading solutions that can help you optimize your investment strategies. Its advanced charting tools provide real-time data and analysis, allowing you to make informed decisions. Additionally, Platform A’s intuitive interface makes it easy to navigate and execute trades quickly. With its wide range of investment options, including stocks, bonds, options, and futures, you have the flexibility to diversify your portfolio and explore various investment opportunities. Furthermore, Platform A’s competitive fees and excellent customer support ensure that you receive value for your money and have access to assistance whenever needed.

Platform B: Simplifying Investing for Beginners

One of the key features of Platform B is its user-friendly interface, which simplifies the investing process for beginners. The platform provides educational resources and tutorials that guide newcomers through the basics of investing. With its focus on low-cost index funds and ETFs, Platform B offers a cost-effective way for beginners to start building their investment portfolio. Moreover, the platform’s commission-free trading eliminates additional costs, making it an attractive option for those with limited funds. With Platform B, beginners can gain confidence in their investment decisions and gradually expand their knowledge and experience.

Platform C: Advanced Tools for Experienced Traders

Platform C is designed to meet the needs of experienced traders who require advanced tools and features. Its customizable dashboards allow traders to tailor their trading environment to their specific requirements. The platform’s advanced charting tools provide in-depth analysis, enabling traders to identify trends and patterns effectively. Furthermore, Platform C offers access to international markets and alternative investments, expanding the range of opportunities for experienced traders. While the platform may have higher fees compared to others, its advanced features and comprehensive trading capabilities make it an attractive choice for those seeking to take their trading to the next level.

Comparison of Fees and Commissions

When evaluating online brokers and trading platforms, it’s crucial to compare the fees and commissions associated with each platform. Here is a comparison of the fees and commissions for the top online brokers and trading platforms of January 2024:

  • Platform A: Competitive fees with a transparent fee structure. Low commissions for trades and no hidden charges for account maintenance or inactivity.
  • Platform B: Low-cost trading with commission-free options for certain investment products. No account maintenance fees or hidden charges.
  • Platform C: Higher fees compared to other platforms due to advanced features and comprehensive trading capabilities. Transparent fee structure with no hidden charges.

Before selecting a platform, carefully consider your investment goals and trading frequency to determine which fee structure aligns best with your needs.

User Experience and Interface of the Top Online Brokers and Trading Platforms

The user experience and interface of an online broker or trading platform can greatly impact your trading activities. Let’s evaluate the user experience and interface of the top online brokers and trading platforms of January 2024:

Platform A: Intuitive Interface for Seamless Trading

Platform A offers a user-friendly interface that ensures a seamless trading experience. Its intuitive design makes it easy to navigate the platform and execute trades promptly. The platform provides real-time market data and customizable dashboards, allowing you to monitor your investments effectively. Additionally, Platform A’s mobile app enables you to trade on the go, ensuring that you never miss out on important opportunities. With its emphasis on user experience, Platform A provides a hassle-free trading environment.

Platform B: Beginner-Friendly Interface for Easy Navigation

Platform B is known for its beginner-friendly interface, making it ideal for those new to investing. The platform’s clean and intuitive design simplifies the investment process, ensuring that beginners can navigate the platform with ease. Platform B provides educational resources, tutorials, and a demo account to help newcomers understand the basics of investing and gain confidence in their trading decisions. With its user-friendly interface, Platform B eliminates the learning curve typically associated with online trading.

Platform C: Customizable Interface for Advanced Traders

Platform C offers a customizable interface that caters to the needs of advanced traders. Its flexible dashboard allows traders to personalize their trading environment and access the tools they need most frequently. Platform C’s advanced charting tools and real-time market analysis provide valuable insights for experienced traders. Moreover, the platform’s comprehensive trading capabilities, including access to international markets and alternative investments, ensure that advanced traders have the necessary tools to execute their strategies effectively.

Customer Support and Educational Resources Offered by the Top Online Brokers and Trading Platforms

Customer support and educational resources play a significant role in enhancing your trading experience. Let’s explore the customer support and educational resources offered by the top online brokers and trading platforms of January 2024:

Platform A: Excellent Customer Support and Educational Resources

Platform A emphasizes customer support and provides various channels for assistance. Whether you have a general inquiry or require technical support, Platform A’s customer support team is readily available to help. The platform also offers a comprehensive knowledge base and educational resources, including articles, webinars, and tutorials. These resources empower investors to make informed decisions and enhance their trading skills. With Platform A, you can expect prompt and helpful support whenever you need it.

Platform B: Dedicated Support for Beginners

Platform B recognizes the needs of beginners and offers dedicated support to help them navigate the world of investing. The platform’s customer support team is knowledgeable and understanding, providing personalized assistance to address any queries or concerns that beginners may have. Additionally, Platform B provides educational resources specifically tailored for beginners, including step-by-step guides and video tutorials. This focus on customer support and educational resources ensures that beginners receive the guidance they need to start their investment journey with confidence.

Platform C: Advanced Support for Experienced Traders

Platform C understands the requirements of experienced traders and offers advanced support to meet their needs. The platform’s customer support team comprises experienced professionals who can provide in-depth assistance on complex trading strategies and technical issues. Platform C also offers advanced educational resources, including advanced trading courses and market analysis reports. By catering to the needs of experienced traders, Platform C ensures that they have access to the support and resources necessary to maximize their trading success.

Tips for Maximizing Your Success with Online Brokers and Trading Platforms

To maximize your success with online brokers and trading platforms, consider the following tips:

  1. Research and compare multiple platforms: Conduct thorough research and compare the features, fees, and customer reviews of different online brokers and trading platforms before making a decision.
  2. Determine your investment goals: Clearly define your investment goals and risk tolerance to align them with the platform that best suits your needs.
  3. Take advantage of educational resources: Make use of the educational resources provided by the platform to enhance your trading skills and stay updated with market trends.
  4. Start with a small investment: Begin by investing a small amount to familiarize yourself with the platform and gain confidence in your trading decisions.
  5. Diversify your portfolio: Spread your investments across different asset classes and industries to reduce risk and increase potential returns.
  6. Stay informed: Regularly monitor market news and stay updated with economic events that may impact your investments.
  7. Review your portfolio regularly: Periodically review your investment portfolio and make adjustments as needed to ensure it aligns with your financial goals.

Conclusion and Final Thoughts on the Best Online Brokers and Trading Platforms of January 2024

Choosing the best online broker or trading platform is crucial for your financial success. The top online brokers and trading platforms of January 2024 offer a range of features and benefits that can help you achieve your investment goals. Platform A provides cutting-edge trading solutions, while Platform B simplifies investing for beginners. Platform C offers advanced tools for experienced traders. By considering factors such as fees, user experience, and customer support, you can select the platform that aligns best with your needs. Remember to utilize educational resources and follow the tips provided to maximize your success with online brokers and trading platforms. With the right platform and informed decision-making, you can embark on a successful investment journey.

How Listening To Spotify Can Make You Enough Money Per Day!

As a music lover, you probably already know that Spotify is one of the most popular music streaming platforms in the world. But did you know that it also has the potential to help you generate a daily income? In this article, we will explore how you can turn your passion for music into a money-making opportunity on Spotify.

How does Spotify make money?

Before we dive into how you can make money on Spotify, let’s first understand how the platform itself generates revenue. Spotify offers both a free and premium subscription model. Free users have access to a vast library of music but are subjected to ads, while premium users enjoy an ad-free experience with additional features. The majority of Spotify’s revenue comes from premium subscriptions, with a portion also generated from advertising.

How can listeners make money on Spotify?

Now that we know how Spotify makes money, let’s explore how listeners can tap into this revenue stream. Spotify has a unique payment model based on royalties. Every time your song is streamed on the platform, you earn a fraction of a cent. While this may seem small, it can add up quickly if you have a large number of loyal listeners.

Understanding Spotify’s payment model and royalties

To truly harness the power of Spotify and generate a daily income, it’s crucial to understand how the payment model and royalties work. Spotify uses a complex algorithm that takes into account the number of streams, the country of the listener, and the artist’s share of total streams to calculate royalties. While the exact amount earned per stream varies, artists typically earn between $0.003 and $0.005 per play.

Strategies to increase your earnings on Spotify

Now that you understand how Spotify’s payment model works, let’s explore some strategies to maximize your earnings on the platform. One of the most important factors is building a loyal fanbase. Engage with your listeners by sharing behind-the-scenes content, interacting with them on social media, and creating a sense of community. The more dedicated fans you have, the more streams your songs will receive, ultimately increasing your income.

Building a loyal fanbase on Spotify

To build a loyal fanbase on Spotify, it’s essential to focus on creating high-quality music that resonates with your target audience. Invest time and effort into crafting unique and memorable tracks that showcase your talent. Additionally, regularly releasing new music will keep your fans engaged and eager for more. Utilize social media platforms to connect with your audience and promote your music. Engage in conversations, share updates, and create a personal connection with your fans.

Promoting your music on Spotify for greater exposure

Promoting your music on Spotify is crucial for gaining exposure and increasing your potential earnings. Start by optimizing your artist profile with a professional bio, high-quality images, and links to your social media accounts. Collaborate with influencers and bloggers in the music industry to get your music featured on their playlists. Additionally, consider investing in targeted advertising campaigns on Spotify to reach a wider audience who may be interested in your genre.

Collaborating with other artists on Spotify

Collaborating with other artists on Spotify can be a game-changer for your music career. By teaming up with artists who have a similar style or fanbase, you can tap into their existing audience and gain exposure to new listeners. Collaborations also allow you to combine your talents and create unique and compelling music that stands out in the crowded music scene.

Utilizing Spotify playlists to boost your income

Spotify playlists are a powerful tool for increasing your income on the platform. Curated playlists, whether created by Spotify or independent users, have a significant impact on music discovery. Submit your tracks to relevant playlists, focusing on those with a large following and a similar musical style. Getting featured on popular playlists can expose your music to a vast audience and potentially lead to increased streams and earnings.

Tools and resources to help you monetize your Spotify account

There are several tools and resources available to help you monetize your Spotify account and maximize your earnings. Services like Soundrop and DistroKid provide distribution and monetization solutions for independent artists. These platforms allow you to easily upload and distribute your music to various streaming platforms, including Spotify, while also providing detailed analytics and payment tracking.

Success stories of artists who have made money on Spotify

To inspire you on your journey to turning your passion for music into a daily income on Spotify, let’s look at some success stories of artists who have achieved financial success on the platform. One notable example is Chance the Rapper, who gained widespread recognition and earned millions of dollars through his independent releases on Spotify. Chance’s success demonstrates that with dedication, talent, and strategic promotion, it is possible to make a substantial income on the platform.

Information Technology (IT) Security

Information Technology (IT) Security

Information is one of the most valuable resources today. It is through it that we make decisions, seek knowledge and relate to the world around us. Since the beginning of humanity, the search for information has always been a constant, and with the evolution of technology, this resource has become even more crucial.

job market and in everyday life.

The importance of Information can be seen in different areas, whether in the business, educational, scientific, political or personal field. Knowing how to collect, process, store and share relevant information is a skill that is increasingly valued in the job market and in everyday life.

In this article, I will address the meaning, definitions and concepts of Information in different contexts, as well as the importance, classification, formats and types of information. Read the article until the end and discover the importance of Information and how it can transform the world around you.

What does information mean?

Information can be described as a set of data or knowledge that has some type of value, meaning or usefulness for whoever receives it. It can be composed of different elements, such as facts, figures, ideas, opinions, stories and experiences, and can be transmitted through different means, such as speech, writing, images and symbols.

Information is organized and structured data that has a meaning or meaning within a specific context. They can be obtained from various sources, such as documents, databases, interviews, observations, among others. They are essential for decision-making in various sectors, whether business, government or personal.

Information Technology (IT) Security

Information can be defined as the result of the process of transforming data into a message with meaning for those who receive it. In other words, Information is what results from the processing and analysis of data, making it useful and relevant for decision making , understanding phenomena, communication, among other purposes.

What is the origin of the word/term Information?

The word information has its origins in Latin and derives from the verb informe or informatio, which means to give form, to put into shape, but also to represent an idea or notion. It is impossible to state with precision the exact period in which the term information was used for the first time, as it has been present since the most remote periods.

According to Capurro’s studies, it was Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) who first coined the Latin term informatio, implying ontological, epistemological, pedagogical and linguistic meanings.

intelligent being. (CAPURRO, 1985)

According to Aquinas, Man consists of an intimate union between matter, which is a power, and the soul (anima), the active principle that informs matter. The result of this union, or Information (in the ontological sense of the word) is a sensitive and intelligent being. (CAPURRO, 1985)

From this perspective, it can be seen that Information is effective through mediation between the human mind and objects, as they are perceived by our sense, that is, material and sensitive things are understood as they are apprehended by the sense, represented by the imagination and made intelligible by the intellect.

What is the Difference between Information and Data?

The difference between Information and data is that data are sets of facts, numbers, words, images or other elements that do not have meaning or inherent value, while Information is the result of processing these data, generating meaning and value.

In other words, data is the raw material of Information. They are collected, stored and processed to generate useful and relevant information that can be used for decision making and problem solving.

However, when data is processed and analyzed,

For example, imagine that a company collects data about its sales, including the number of sales, the total value of sales, the best-selling products, among others. This data, by itself, does not provide useful information for the company’s decision-making process . However, when data is processed and analyzed, it can generate valuable information, such as identifying sales trends, product performance in different regions or times of the year, among others.

In summary, the difference between Information and data is that data are raw elements that need to be processed to generate useful and relevant information. Information is the result of this data processing and analysis process, providing meaning and value to the data collected.

What is the Difference between Information and Knowledge?

The difference between information and knowledge is that information is a set of organized and processed data that provides meaning and context, while knowledge is the result of understanding and interpreting information, involving the ability to apply it in a specific context and make informed decisions .

Information is generally described as a set of organized and processed data that has meaning and value. For example, a company’s sales data can be organized and processed to generate useful information about product performance in different regions or times of the year.

knowledge gained

On the other hand, knowledge involves the ability to interpret and understand information, as well as the ability to apply it in a specific context. For example, a sales manager can use the knowledge gained from sales information to develop more effective marketing strategies and make informed decisions about how to manage the sales team.

Information Technology (IT) Security

In other words, information is a set of data that provides meaning and context, while knowledge is the result of understanding and interpreting that data. Knowledge requires more than just the ability to understand information, it also involves the ability to apply it in a specific context and make informed decisions based on that knowledge.

application

In summary, the difference between information and knowledge is that information is a set of processed and organized data, while knowledge involves the understanding, interpretation and application of information in a specific context.

What is the Information for?

Information serves a variety of purposes and is essential in many areas of life, from personal decision-making to business management. In general, it is used to:

  1. Generate knowledge and learning : information can be used to acquire knowledge on a certain subject and to learn new skills.
  2. Guide decision-making : information is crucial for making informed decisions, whether personal, business or governmental. With accurate and reliable information, it is possible to make more informed and accurate decisions.
  3. Foster innovation and creation : it can be used to create and develop new ideas and innovations, whether in products, processes or services.
  4. Enable communication and sharing : Information is the basis of communication and knowledge sharing between people and organizations.
  5. Facilitate the identification of problems and solutions : it can be used to identify problems and find effective solutions to resolve them.
  6. Support planning and management : information is essential for planning and managing projects and businesses, allowing for better organization and optimization of resources.

In short, information is a crucial tool for the evolution and progress of society, allowing informed decision-making, the development of new ideas and innovations, communication and sharing of knowledge, and much more.

What is the Purpose and Objectives of the Information?

The purpose of Information is to provide knowledge and insights that can be used to make decisions and solve problems in different areas of life. It aims to be useful and relevant, allowing people to make informed choices and achieve their goals more efficiently and effectively .

Information plays a crucial role in any organization or human activity. It is a valuable resource that can be used to make decisions, solve problems, develop new ideas, manage projects, promote innovation and improve the organization’s performance.

What are the Information Objectives?

The purposes of the Information may vary depending on the context in which it is used. In a business context, for example, it can be used to identify market opportunities, analyze competition, manage operations and resources, make strategic decisions, among other activities. In an academic context, information can be used to conduct research, publish articles, develop new theories or discover new applications for existing knowledge.

Some common purposes of Information include:

  1. Facilitate decision-making : can provide insights and data that help people make informed and effective decisions;
  2. Improve efficiency : can be used to identify opportunities for improvement and optimization of processes, making activities more efficient;
  3. Identify problems: can be used to identify problems and challenges, allowing them to be resolved more quickly and effectively;
  4. Support innovation : can be used to identify new opportunities and insights that can lead to new solutions and innovations;
  5. Improve performance : can be used to monitor and evaluate performance, identifying areas that need improvement and developing strategies to improve them.

How is Information Formed?

Information is formed from data processing. Data are sets of facts, numbers, words, images or other elements that do not have an inherent meaning or value. When this data is organized and processed in a way that provides meaning and value, it becomes Information.

The Information formation process involves several stages:

  • First, data is collected from diverse sources, such as sensors, data collection systems, records or other means. The data is then organized and stored in a way that allows for later retrieval. This process may involve indexing, classifying, and organizing data.
  • After organization, the data is processed to provide useful and relevant information. This processing may involve statistical analysis, data mining, modeling or other techniques. The objective is to extract insights and meaning from data, generating information that can be used for decision making and problem solving.
  • Finally, information is communicated and shared with other people or systems, allowing it to be used to achieve desired objectives. This process may involve creating reports, visualizations, dashboards or other forms of presenting information.

Information Characteristics

Information is a valuable resource for organizations and human activities. Some of the key characteristics of the information include:

  • Relevance : Information must be relevant to the context in which it will be used, in order to help solve problems or make important decisions.
  • Accuracy : The information needs to be accurate and reliable, in order to avoid errors or mistakes that could lead to wrong decisions.
  • Complete : The information must be complete, in order to provide all the data necessary for effective decision making or problem solving.
  • Availability : Information must be available when needed to avoid delays or interruptions in business processes.
  • Accessibility : Information must be accessible to those who need it to ensure that everyone can make informed decisions.
  • Reliability : The information must be reliable, in order to avoid errors or mistakes that could lead to wrong decisions.
  • Security : Information must be safe and secure to prevent unauthorized access or misuse.
  • Update : Information should be updated regularly to ensure it is always relevant and accurate.
  • Understandability : Information must be understandable to those who use it, to avoid confusion or misunderstandings.
  • Value : The information must have value to the organization, in order to justify the investment in its collection, storage and use.

These characteristics are important to ensure that information is a valuable and effective resource for organizations and human activities.

What are the Information Formats?

Information can be presented in different formats, depending on the type and purpose of the information. Some of the most common formats include:

  • Text : Information written in text format, such as reports, articles, emails, among others.
  • Images : Information presented through images, such as photographs, graphs, drawings, among others.
  • Audio : Information presented through sound, such as podcasts, audio files, recorded interviews, among others.
  • Video : Information presented through moving images, such as videos, films, presentations, among others.
  • Data : Information presented in data format, such as spreadsheets, tables, databases, among others.
  • Infographics : Information presented through graphic elements and images, such as infographics, diagrams, maps, among others.
  • Virtual reality : Information presented through digital simulation, such as games, training programs, virtual visits, among others.

Where can the Information be contained?

Information in a company can be contained in different locations, depending on the type of information and the system used by the company. Some of the main sources of information in a company include:

  • Databases : Databases are one of the main sources of information in a company, where data is stored and organized to allow access and analysis.
  • Physical files : Physical files such as folders, boxes and paper files are used to store important documents such as contracts, certificates, receipts and other records.
  • Business management systems : Business management systems are used to manage various business processes, such as sales, purchasing, inventory, accounting, human resources, among others, and are an important source of information in a company.
  • Production process – refers to all data and knowledge related to the steps and activities involved in manufacturing a product or providing a service. This information includes everything from process planning and development to production, quality control and maintenance.
  • Emails and messages : Email and messaging communications are another source of important information in a company, containing records of communications with customers, suppliers and other employees.
  • Company employees – Employees are a valuable source of information, as they have knowledge and experience about the business, customers, internal processes, among other important aspects for the company. In addition, employees may also have personal and confidential information, such as banking information, home address, number of documents, among others.
  • Social networks and internet : Social networks and the internet are important sources of information about the company and its competitors, in addition to allowing communication with customers and suppliers.

In summary, information in a company can be contained in different locations, and the proper management of this information is essential to ensure that the company makes informed decisions and achieves its business objectives.

Information Life Cycle

The information life cycle is a model that describes the different phases that information goes through during its use and storage in an organization. Although the information lifecycle can vary depending on the organization and type of information, it generally includes the following steps:

  1. Creation : Information is created or generated, and can be produced internally by the organization or acquired from external sources.
  2. Storage : Information is stored in a system or repository, which can be physical (such as files and folders) or digital (such as databases and content management systems).
  3. Management : Information is managed to guarantee its integrity, confidentiality and availability, through information security and risk management practices .
  4. Use : Information is used by authorized users to fulfill the organization’s objectives, such as decision-making, task execution, and internal and external communication .
  5. Sharing : Information is shared among authorized users in order to maximize its value to the organization.
  6. Archiving : Information is archived in a document management system or file repository, with the aim of preserving it and ensuring its future availability.
  7. Disposal : Information is discarded when it is no longer needed or when its retention period expires, in accordance with document management and information security policies.

The information lifecycle is important to ensure that information is managed appropriately in accordance with its security requirements and value to the organization.

What are the Types of Information?

  1. Personal information – is information that refers to an identified or identifiable natural person. This information may include name, address, telephone number, email address, date of birth, identification number, financial and payment information, health information, purchase history, and more. In short, any information that can be used to identify a natural person is considered personal information.
  2. Business information – is information that relates to a company’s activities and operations, including financial data, customer and supplier information, production data, human resources information, among others. This information is vital to the success and continuity of the company’s operations and is therefore considered valuable assets.
  3. Government information – is that managed by public bodies and entities, and which concerns the activities of the State and the public interest. This information can be of different natures, such as statistical data, laws, standards, regulations, administrative processes, among others.
  4. Financial information – is information about the financial situation of a company or organization. They may include financial statements such as balance sheets, income statements and cash flows, as well as information about financial transactions, investments, budgets and other financial activities related to the business.
  5. Customer information – information that companies collect and store about their customers, with the aim of better understanding their needs and behaviors. This information may include demographics, contact information, purchase history, product preferences, website browsing behavior, customer feedback, and more.

How can information be classified?

Information can be classified in different ways, depending on the criteria used. Below are some of the main forms of classification:

  • By nature : It can be classified as qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative information is descriptive, subjective and opinion-based, while quantitative information is numerical, objective and fact-based.
  • By source : It can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary information is information collected directly through research or observation, while secondary information is information that already exists somewhere, such as books, articles, reports, databases, among others.
  • By purpose : it can be classified as strategic, tactical or operational, depending on the level at which it is used in the organization.
  • By format : it can be classified as textual, visual, sound or multimedia, depending on the format in which it is presented.
  • By degree of sensitivity : it can be classified as public, confidential, restricted or confidential, depending on the degree of sensitivity and the need for protection.
  • By area of ​​application : it can be classified as financial, human resources, marketing, production, among others, depending on the area in which it is used in the organization.
  • By time : it can be classified as historical or real-time, depending on when it is collected and used.

Classification of Information by Degree of Sensitivity

Classifying information by degree of sensitivity is important so that the company can identify which information needs to be protected more rigorously. The classification may vary according to the organization’s information security policy , but generally follows the following scale:

  1. Public Information : It is information that does not require any access restrictions and can be disclosed without problems.
  2. Internal Information : This is information that must be restricted to the organization’s internal use, being accessible only to authorized employees.
  3. Confidential Information : It is information that requires special protection and can only be accessed by people who need it to carry out their activities. It may contain financial, human resources, among other information, which cannot be disclosed without authorization.
  4. Restricted Information : This is information that requires even more rigorous protection, being accessible only to a restricted group of people who need it to carry out specific activities. Generally, it includes information related to strategic projects, intellectual property, commercial secrets, among others.
  5. Sensitive Information : It is information that requires the most rigorous protection possible and can only be accessed by people with special authorization and proven need for access. Generally, it includes information related to national security, defense, criminal investigations, industrial secrets, among others.

It is important that the company establishes clear criteria for classifying information and promotes employee awareness of the importance of protecting this information, as well as the possible consequences in the event of leakage or misuse.

Digital Security Company: What is it? What is it for?

Digital Security Company is that type of company specialized in providing services, which operates in the area of ​​Information Security, more specifically, in the Provision of Digital Security Services. It is a legal entity (PJ) that provides some type of digital security service in exchange for financial remuneration, through a service provision contract.

Its main objective is to provide services, consultancy or advice on matters and activities related to digital data and information security.

It is an important segment of Information Technology focused on the security of digital systems against threats that seek to violate the integrity of data and information contained in the digital environment.

What is a Digital Security Company?

Digital Security Company is that type of company specialized in providing services, which operates in the area of ​​Information Security , more specifically, in the Provision of Digital Security Services. It is a legal entity (PJ) that provides some type of digital security service in exchange for financial remuneration, through a service provision contract.

Its main objective is to provide services, consultancy or advice on matters and activities related to digital data and information security.

Digital Security refers to the protection of information when in digital form, that is, in the virtual environment.

A digital security company provides services related to preserving the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data and information considered important to an organization, throughout its life cycle: creation, manipulation, storage, transport and disposal.

Objectives of the Digital Security Company

Companies that provide digital security services have the main objective of providing and guaranteeing their clients the preservation of confidentiality, integrity and availability of data and information considered important and sensitive.

To achieve their main objective, companies providing digital security services must establish and fulfill some secondary objectives, among which we can mention:

  • Act in the area of ​​providing digital security services with competence and quality compatible with the importance of the topic;
  • Provide quality services at a fair price, which satisfy the specific needs of each client;
  • Attract and retain talent;
  • Empower, value and motivate your employees;
  • Act with quality, deadlines, cost and safety;
  • Generate profit for its owners and shareholders in an honest and sustainable way.

What is Digital Security?

Digital Security refers to the protection of information when in digital form, that is, in the virtual environment. To achieve this, specific protocols and tools are used to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data and information contained, transmitted and manipulated by digital means.

Digital Security, also known as Cybersecurity , is an important segment of Information Technology focused on the security of digital systems against threats that seek to violate the integrity of data and information contained in the digital environment.

digital assets such as documents

In a business environment, the term refers to the measures and tools used to protect information pertinent to the business and its employees contained in digital media.

This ranges from digital assets such as documents, files, software, websites and social media profiles, to servers, data storage devices and other equipment.

Digital security consists of non-violation of the confidentiality, integrity and availability of documents and personal data stored, transmitted, made available or manipulated by digital systems.

What is a Digital System?

Digital System is a set of electronic devices for transmitting, processing or storing digital signals that use discrete (discontinuous) values. Unlike non-digital (analog) systems that use a continuous range of values ​​to represent information.

Although digital representations are discrete, the information represented can be discrete, such as numbers, letters, or icons, or continuous, such as sounds, images, or other measures of continuous systems.

The word digital originates from the Latin digitus (Latin word for finger), since fingers were used for discrete counting.

Its use is most common in computing and electronics, especially where real information is converted into binary numerical form as in digital sound or digital photography.

representation by logical and exact values,

It can be said as: a representation of information in an abstract (untouchable) form, which can be manipulated through digital devices, or the form of representation by logical and exact values, of any type of data.

A digital system is a system in which signals have a
finite number of discrete values, in contrast to analog systems
in which signals have values ​​belonging to a continuous (infinite) set.

Digital Environment

The digital environment, also known as the virtual environment or Cyberspace, is a concrete and increasingly comprehensive reality in the daily lives of people and organizations.

When accessing a social network, for example, people are in a digital environment. There they are exchanging data, providing information, authorizing connections and exposing their data at different times, or having access to data from other users. All of this virtually.

company, all of this also in a digital environment

This also occurs in organizations, when an organization’s employees access an address linked to the company on the Internet, they log in, providing users and passwords, access, send and receive important data and information from the company, all of this also in a digital environment.

In these two scenarios, there are several risks related to all these operations, regardless of the level of care these users take.

Digital security, given these realities

Digital security, given these realities, has the role of proposing the protection of these operations with specialized human resources and hardware and software developed especially for this purpose.

Good information security practices are also always encouraged. Furthermore, there is also concern about providing digital tools and devices that provide recommended levels of security.

How Important is Digital Security?

The importance of information security in a digital environment is justified by the large amount of data and information that circulates in this cyberspace and by the numerous threats that exist in this digital environment, which, once realized, can cause serious harm to system users.

In this scenario, data is transferred, accessed and stored all the time.

Today, this information is strategic and considered valuable assets in business. The data brings company results, commercial and consumer information and many more important details.

digital environment; Without this guarantee,

Digital security contributes to information security, ensuring that only authorized users have access to data and information made available in the digital environment; Without this guarantee, any exchange of emails can cause a major problem for the organization or common person. 1-Digital security covers protection from files, documents, software, social media profiles and websites, to hardware, such as storage devices, servers and other equipment.

More than protecting against invasions and external threats, it is necessary to prevent leaks and adversities to data and systems.

before customers

Digital security helps the company to comply with the provisions set out in the General Personal Data Protection Law and guarantees and guarantees its reputation and reliability before customers and supervisory bodies.

The General Personal Data Protection Law (LGPD or LGPDP), Law No. 13,709/2018[1], is the Brazilian legislation that regulates personal data processing activities.

LGPD creates a set of new legal

The LGPD creates a set of new legal concepts (eg “personal data”, “sensitive personal data”), establishes the conditions under which personal data can be processed, defines a set of rights for data subjects, generates specific obligations for data controllers and creates a series of procedures and standards to ensure greater care in the processing of personal data and sharing with third parties.

Digital security practices help the company to comply with LGPD determinations and thus avoid contractual, legal or legal problems for individuals or legal entities.

What is the difference between digital security and information security?

Within the world of security, a recurring question arises: what is the difference between digital security and information security?

Although they are distinct activities, the relationship between them is close, with one being part of the scope of the other.

Briefly, we can say that information security is a broader and more complex job, which involves several security segments. It aims to protect the information and data contained and made available both in virtual (digital) and physical space.

storing information

Within this context, information security’s mission is to protect information contained or transmitted on networks, computers, HDs, Pen drives, and other means of storing information in the digital state. As well as those printed and made available on paper or contained in areas, processes, products, equipment and machines.

Currently, the preservation of information contained in the minds of employees is also part of information security.

internal networks, Internet

Digital security focuses on the security of digital operations, that is, on the information contained or transmitted, on electronic means, equipment or structures capable of capturing, storing, processing and transmitting data and information.

It involves the protection of software or hardware (computers, internal networks, Internet, access and transactions on web pages, e-mail, applications, among others.)

React – Hooks

Version 16.8.0 is the first release that brings stable support for Hooks . With this, simplifying the lives of programmers and curious people. Allowing the use of state and other library resources without writing a class.

Hooks Rules

  • Just call Hooks at the highest level . Do not call Hooks inside loops , conditionals or nested functions . React identifies a component’s hooks by the order in which they were called.
  • Just call Hooks in functional components . Don’t call Hooks in regular JavaScript functions . (There is only one other valid place to call Hooks — within your own custom Hooks.)

Check out the link to the eslint plugin so that the rules are automatically reviewed.

Types of Hooks

  • State hook – useState – allows you to read and store information in an easier and more practical way in the state, eliminating some class components and replacing them with functional components.
  • Effects hook – useEffect – used to execute functions that require or perform some effect on the component. Ex: mutations , subscriptions , timers and logging . It has the same effect that componentDidMount and componentDidUpdate have on classes.
  • Custom hook – Create your own hooks and extract a component’s logic into reusable functions.
  • Other Hooks – Native hooks with specific functions.

Existing Hooks can be classified as basic and additional. See the list below:

Basic hooks:

Additional hooks:

State hook

Let’s look at the state hook. Below we will see an example:

import React, { useState } from 'react'

function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)

  return (
    <div>
      Você clicou {count} vezes!
      <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>+1</button>
    </div>
  );
};

The hook in this case is useState . It is receiving an initial state and returns an array with two values. The first value is the current state and the second is a function to update this state. useState does not have identical functionality to setState that is used in classes. When an object is passed to setState , it combines the value we are passing with the old one. In useState , the entire state of the hook will be changed, but we have the same effect using the spread operator . Ex: useState({ …oldState, …newState }); .

Example of an object in the initial state:

function Counter() {
  const [state, setState] = useState({ nome: '', idade: 0  })
  ...
  )
}

Also, we can call our useState hook more than once in our component.

function Counter() {
  const [name, setName] = useState('')
  const [age, setAge] = useState(0)
  ...
  )
}

Effect hook

Now let’s talk about the useEffect hook . It allows your function-shaped component to have access to lifecycle methods without having to refactor your component into a class. Below is an example:

import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react'

function Counter() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0)

  useEffect(() => {
    window.document.title = `Você clicou ${count} vezes!`
  })

  return (
    <div>
      Você clicou {count} vezes!
      <button onClick={() => setCount(count + 1)}>+1</button>
    </div>
)}

The title will change according to the component state update. The useEffect in this context would be the same as the ComponentDidMount and also the ComponentDidUpdate . The passed function will be called both when the component is mounted and when it is updated.

useEffect helps you when unmounting resources, just like you would with ComponentWillUnmount .

function Example() {
  const [x, setX] = useState(0);
  const [y, setY] = useState(0);

  useEffect(() => {
    const mouseMove = e => {
      setX(e.screenX)
      setY(e.screenY)
    }

    document.addEventListener('mousemove', mouseMove);
    return () => document.removeEventListener('mousemove', mouseMove);
  })

  return <div>O Mouse esta no {x}, {y}</div>;
}

Above we have the mousemove event configured to change the state of the component according to the mouse movement and when the component is dismounted the removeEventListener will be run.

useEffect

 It will also be called when it is detected that useEffect needs to be run again, that is, on each render. With each change in the component’s state, our event is being removed and added again. 

Now we don’t want that and we need the event to be added on mount and unmount.

Let’s use the second argument that useEffect receives, which is a list of values ​​that must change for it to run again. Passing an empty list, it will run only when it is mounted and the cleaning function will only run when it is dismounted.

function Example() {
  const [x, setX] = useState(0)
  const [y, setY] = useState(0)

  useEffect(() => {
    const mouseMove = e => {
      setX(e.clientX)
      setY(e.clientY)
    }

    document.addEventListener('mousemove', mouseMove);
    return () => document.removeEventListener('mousemove', mouseMove);
  }, []) // <-- lista vazia

  return <div> Mouse esta no {x}, {y}</div>;
}

Event listeners will only be called when we need them. The second parameter can be used to tell when our effect will run. Below is an example:

function Status(props) {
  const [isOnline, setIsOnline] = useState(null);

  useEffect(() => {
    const handleStatusChange = status => setIsOnline(status.isOnline)

    API.subscribeToUserStatus(props.user.id, handleStatusChange)

    return () => API.unsubscribeFromUserStatus(props.user.id, handleStatusChange)

  }, [props.user.id]) // apenas se desinscreve caso props.friend.id mude
}

When friend.id is changed, we will call unsubscribeFromUserStatus with the previous id and then call subscribeToUserStatus with the current id, this way we have consistency in cleaning resources in a simple way.

Custom Hook

Hooks are completely decoupled from components, which allows us to combine them to create new, more specific hooks and share logic between our components.

We will start with the example below:

import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';

function Status(props) {
  const [isOnline, setIsOnline] = useState(null);

  useEffect(() => {
    const handleStatusChange = status => status.isOnline

    API.subscribeToUSerStatus(props.user.id, handleStatusChange)

    return () => API.unsubscribeFromUSerStatus(props.user.id, handleStatusChange)
    }
  })

  if (isOnline === null) return 'Loading...';

  return isOnline ? 'Online' : 'Offline';
}

We will also need a list of contacts and display their respective status.

import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';

function UserListItem(props) {
  const [isOnline, setIsOnline] = useState(null);

  useEffect(() => {
    const handleStatusChange = status => status.isOnline

    ChatAPI.subscribeToUserStatus(props.user.id, handleStatusChange)
    return () =>  API.unsubscribeFromUserStatus(props.user.id, handleStatusChange)
  })

  return <li style={{ color: isOnline ? 'green' : 'black' }}>{props.user.name}</li>;
}

With this, we have a repetition of code. We will solve this by extracting the repeated logic into a custom hook.

import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';

function useUserStatus(userID) {
  const [isOnline, setIsOnline] = useState(null);

  useEffect(() => {
    const handleStatusChange = status => status.isOnline

    API.subscribeToUserStatus(userID, handleStatusChange)
    return () =>  API.unsubscribeFromUserStatus(userID, handleStatusChange)
  })

  return isOnline;
}

Now the logic we had in our components is in a separate function (a pattern: that hooks have the prefix use ). Below is an example of usage:

function UserStatus(props) {
  const isOnline = useUserStatus(props.user.id)

  if (isOnline === null) return 'Loading...';

  return isOnline ? 'Online' : 'Offline';
}
function UserListItem(props) {
  const isOnline = useUserStatus(props.user.id)

  return <li style={{ color: isOnline ? 'green' : 'black' }}>{props.user.name}</li>;
}

Now we have simplified logic. It is also possible to create hooks to deal with external libraries:

import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';

const useObservable = (observable, initialValue) => {
  const [value, setValue] = useState(initialValue)
  useEffect(() => {
    const subscription = observable.subscribe({next: setValue})
    return () => subscription.unsubscribe()
  }, [observable])
  return value
}

Above, with each new event in the observable stream we have an update on the state. Below, an example using the RxJS library .

import React from 'react';
import { fromEvent } from 'rxjs';
import { map }  from 'rxjs/operators';
import { useObservable } from './observableHook';

const mouseTest = fromEvent(document, 'mousemove').pipe( map(e => [e.clientX, e.clientY]) );

const App = () => {
   const [x,y] = useObservable(mouseTest, [0,0]);

   return <div>Mouse x:{x} y:{y}</div>;
}

Final considerations

Not much has been said about Other Hooks , but we can see the list at the beginning of this article. More about Hooks can be seen in the official documentation and in upcoming articles.

5 Things to Know Before Markets Open

Markets Open

The White House is looking to further tighten restrictions on China’s access to artificial intelligence chips and drugstore chain Rite Aid files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Here’s what investors need to know today.

1. White House Looks to Tighten Restrictions on AI Chip Exports to China

The Biden Administration is reportedly considering further tightening restrictions on China’s access to American artificial intelligence (AI) chips, adding new rules to restrictions that are set to go into effect in coming days. The additional restrictions seek to close a loophole that gave Chinese companies access to the chips through units located overseas. Shares of AI chipmaker Nvidia (NVDA) were down 2.2% in pre-market trading.1

2. Drugstore Chain Rite Aid Files for Bankruptcy

Drugstore chain Rite Aid (RAD) filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection after it reached a deal with creditors that included restructuring to evaluate its retail footprint and close underperforming locations. The company has been struggling with slower sales, growing debt, and numerous lawsuits alleging the pharmacy helped accelerate the opioid epidemic by oversupplying painkillers. Shares of Rite Aid traded more than 4% higher in pre-market trading.2

3. Pfizer Shares Drop After Cutting Revenue Forecast, Warning of Layoffs

Pfizer (PFE) shares fell 3.1% in pre-market trading after the drug maker cut $9 billion in revenue in its full-year guidance and warned that layoffs could be coming following forecasts that its sales of Covid treatment Paxlovid would come in $7 billion lower than previous guidance. 1-Pfizer forecast full-year earnings of $1.45 to $1.65 a share on revenue of $58 billion to $61 billion, lower than the $3.29 a share in earnings on revenue of $66 billion that analysts expected to see.3

4. Activist Shareholder to Push for Changes at News Corp

Activist shareholder firm Starboard Value will reportedly push for strategic and governance changes at News Corp after building a position in the media company that owns the Wall Street Journal, book publisher HarperCollins, the Times of London and online real estate site Realtor.com. Starboard’s leadership believes the company trades lower than its fair market value due to its conglomerate structure and plans to spin off its real estate division and end its dual-class share structure. Shares of News Corp (NWSA) traded 1.8% lower in pre-market trading.

5. EU Regulators Delay Approval of Novavax Covid Vaccine

Shares of drug maker Novavax (NVAX) plunged by more than 4% after European Union regulators delayed its approval of the company’s Covid-19 vaccine, which targets the XBB variant. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) reportedly requested more information from Novavax after it had questions over the vaccine’s potency.

Markets Mixed at Midday as Booming

Markets Mixed at Midday as Booming Retail Sales Raise Interest Rate Hike Fears.

  • U.S. equities were mixed at midday on Tuesday, Oct. 17, 2023 following a report showing retail sales jumped well above expectations in September, raising concerns of more Fed interest rate hikes ahead to fight inflation.
  • Semiconductor stocks lost ground after the White House indicated it would tighten restrictions on exports of AI chips to China.
  • VF Corp. shares soared after a report activist investor Engaged Capital has taken a large stake in the apparel retailer and will call for a shakeup.

The news sent the yield on the 10-year

U.S. equities were mixed at midday as a report showed retail sales jumped beyond expectations last month, raising concerns the Federal Reserve may have to continue raising interest rates to bring down inflation. The news sent the yield on the 10-year Treasury note soaring.

Shares of Nvidia (NVDA) and other semiconductor makers slumped as the Biden administration indicated it would impose tougher restrictions on shipments of artificial intelligence (AI) chips to China.

Goldman Sachs (GS) shares also fell as the investment bank’s profit sank by a third and revenue declined. Shares of Moderna (MRNA) and rival COVID-19 vaccine makers dropped as Johnson & Johnson (JNJ) was the latest pharmaceutical firm to report slowing demand for the shots. 

Dollar General

VF Corp. (VFC) shares skyrocketed after a report activist investor Engaged Capital has taken a major stake in the apparel retailer and plans to push for changes, including cost cuts. The retail report boosted shares of discount stores Dollar General (DG) and Dollar Tree (DLTR).

Bank of America (BAC) shares increased as high interest rates helped the bank post better-than-expected results.

Oil futures gave up early gains and sank. Gold prices were little changed. The U.S. dollar advanced against the pound and yen, but declined versus the euro. Most major cryptocurrencies traded lower.